近代公司制在晚清被引入中国后，公司股票以其整齐划一、转让灵活的特点，为国人投资理财带来了不少方便。但是习惯于独资、合伙与借贷等经营方式的民众，尚难深入理解与体验公司的经营原则。于是，近代经济手段同传统经营理念的嫁接，便导致了一些奇异的经济行为。民众股票投资方面的债券性要求就是其中一例。　　在中国近代早期，民众对股票的认识不可避免地带有模糊性。鸦片战争之后，西方近代信用制度被引入中国，发行债券成为外国资本家继发行公司股票之后，在华筹资的又一重要手段，国人初次有了债权证券化的认识。外国股票与债券以其较为丰厚的利润回报和稳定的商业信誉，逐渐受到华商的青睐，从而使不少华资或被吸纳入洋行，或被外国资本家借去又高息转借于清政府。对于外国股票与债券，晚清士人在很长时间内统称之为“股票”。至少，在官方的言论中，直到19世纪末这两个概念还是混淆的。在不少中外借款条约的中文文本中，借款债券都被写成“股票”（注：见王铁崖编：《中外旧约章汇编》第一册，第598-599，627-629，734-736页，生活·读书·新知三联书店，1957年。）。直到光绪二十四年（1898年）二月，朝廷官员在筹借内债时，尚将此项债券命名为“自强股票”，后又改名为“昭信股票”，以区别于官方在铁路、矿务等方面获利“惯于失信”的股票。由于晚清士人在一定程度上，对近代股票与债券的属性没有区分开来、他们对股票投资的债券性要求也就不足为奇了。　　晚清民众对股票投资之债券性要求的一个突出例证，就是公司股票普遍存在的“官利”现象。所谓官利，就是股本利息，即股息的俗称。股息本来是公司扣除经营运作成本之后，为股东提供的“或大或小的利息”[2]（P.268），是公司投资风险性的体现之一。正如马克思所言：“股份公司有一个共同点：每个人都知道自己投入什么，但是不知道自己取出什么。”[1]（P.484）而在近代中国公司企业中，官利是固定的，而且是必须予以保证的。官利必付、官利先付是近代中国实业界的一种社会俗成制度，即持股人不问企业盈亏，依固定利率定期向公司领取息金。官利利率一般载于公司章程和股票上，如期支付官利成为公司企业经营运作中必须遵循的一项原则。股东在缴纳股金获得股票的同时，还会拿到一种息折，据以定期向公司领取息金。检阅晚清官督商办和商办公司企业的章程，几乎没有不规定官利的，只不过表述略有差异而已。　　关于近代中国实业投资领域“官利”制度产生的原因，笔者和其他学者已从中国传统的高利贷金融市场等方面进行过探讨（注：朱荫贵：《引进与变革：近代中国企业官利制度分析》，《近代史研究》2001年第4期；张忠民：《近代中国公司制度中的“官利”与公司资本筹集》，《改革》1998年第3期；李玉、熊秋良：《论中国近代的官利制度》，《社会科学研究》1996年第3期。）。诚然，在近代中国，产业资本受制于商业资本是造成中国实业投资领域“官利”盛行的一个重要原因，但促成后者的社会因素是多方面的。其中之一就是股票市场。首先，不难发现，当时在华发行股票的外国公司多未规定固定股息，而这并没有影响华商对外国股票的认购热情。虽然华商起初对洋商所发行的股票“视为畏途”，“未敢问鼎”[3]。但是“至迟在（19世纪）50年代”通商口岸渐兴华商认购洋股之风[4]。到60年代末70年代初，华商对洋行股票的认购渐趋踊跃，有的洋行因“买股份之人多为华商”，乃至该行虽为外国公司，“亦只有此名而已”[5]。有的洋行股票因供不应求，以致市价溢出原价好几倍。个别洋行鉴于要求认股的华商为数太多，不得不制定了限制条件[4]。　　另一方面，笔者通过对晚清公司章程的大量汇总，发现洋务民用企业在关于“官利”的规定方面，同此后的各类民办或官商合办企业还是有些区别。主要体现在对支付官利的起始时间上。后期的民办或官商合办企业一般规定入股即起息，而不少洋务民用企业则突出企业见到效益后方能分利。例如金州骆马山煤铁矿章程规定：“自见煤之日起，每商本一百两，长年酌提官利银十两”[6]；平泉铜矿规定：“见铜后十二个月为第一年，如有盈余，先提官利一分”[7]；徐州利国矿务局规定，股东缴纳股款后，矿局“给予股票并取利股折，俟煤铁运售之日起，每届一年结算一次，先提官利一分”[8]。登州铅矿则“照章议定，（自）收银之日起，先行派分庄息，俟口炼发售后，长年官利一分，并找足以前庄息不敷一分之官利”[9]。洋务民用企业的创办人也承认之所以规定官利，是鉴于如果将官利“纳入余利之内”，则股东“不自觉矣”。所以“公司章程向须酌提官利”[6]，“股本宜提官利也”[10]（p.1044）。但是，在早期洋务民用企业中，并未见到后来在民办企业中常见的“官利吃股”现象。有的实际上并未按规定于投产后即支付官利，例如开平煤矿规定见煤后支付官利，但实际上至出煤后第七年方开始配发官利，且首次官利仅为六厘，而非章程规定的一分（注：见孙毓棠编《中国近代工业史资料》第一辑，下册，第643-644、660-661页。）。同样，洋务民用企业关于官利的“严格”规定，也并未引起社会的普遍不满，相反19世纪80年代初，在上海掀起了近代中国第一次股市高潮。　　时人记述，“中国初不知公司之名，自招商轮船局获利以来，风气大开”[11]；华商“忽见招商、开平等（股）票逐渐飞涨，遂各怀立地致富之心，借资购股，趋之若鹜”[12]。于是，市场之中买卖股票“成为一宗生意”，甚至成为“市面生意之时派”[13]。商民“视公司股份，皆以为奇货可居”[14]，乃至“人情所向，举国若狂，但是股票，无不踊跃争先”[15]。在这种狂热的购股之风促动下，即使新发行的股票也无不涨价。时人记叙：“每一公司（股票）出，千百人争购之，以得票为幸”[16]，股票市价“一加再加，登时飞涨”[17]。在当时，投资者其实并不关注企业的官利，他们“专心致志于（买卖）股票之中”[18]，并不在意公司的利润如何，因为“股票转售，其利已属不赀”[14]。在股票之利的诱使下，“凡市中有些场面者，莫非（公司）股东”[19]；本无巨资的小商小贩亦“或抵或借”，“不惮罗雀碰掇之劳”，争购股票，“以图厚利”[20]。当时上海股票市场之所以火热起来，也是综合原因的结果，但至少可以说明，洋务企业关于“官利”的较后来严格的规定并没有限制投资者的热情，民众大兴认购股票之风也并非追逐于股息之利。　　官利虽然对上海股市的高涨未起关键性作用，而上海股票市场的崩溃，则直接影响到了此后中国民众的投资心态。经历了上海股市风潮之后，股票投资的惨痛损失，使民众对公司、股票普遍产生了恐惧之感。乃至“人皆视集股为畏途”[21]，言及公司、股票，竟“有谈虎色变之势”（注：《股份转机说》，《申报》1884-12-12；《论商务以公司为最善》，《申报》1891-08-13。），“几同于惊弓之鸟”[17]。商民对于公司、股份的恐惧、厌恶心态，对此后的洋务民用企业实施募股集资活动产生了很大影响。时人称：商民因有“前车之鉴”，不免“因噎而废食，惩羹而吹齑”[22]，乃致“公司”二字，“为人所厌闻”（注：（台北）近代史研究所编：《矿务档》第七册，第4358页；中国史学会主编：《洋务运动》（七），第316页。），“公司股份之法遂不复行”[23]。凡有企业招股，商民犹“惴然惧皇（惶）”，“疑以公司为虚名，以股份为骗术”，乃至有巨款厚资者也“誓不买公司股票”[24]；即使是“铁路、织布之股票，真实不虚”，商民亦“观望不前，未能踊跃”[23]。商民投资心理受到的重创，是短时期内难以恢复的。几年后，云南铜矿局在上海招股，商民“仍鉴于数年内之前车，往往裹足不前”，致使该局“竭力招徕来者，总不甚旺”[25]。1887年漠河金矿在上海招募股份时，商民犹“惕于数年前股份之亏，语以招股醵资，百无一应”[26]（p.4332）。在这种情况下，“官利”的及早与即时兑现就成了尽可能挽回公司社会声誉的不多的手段之一。例如湖北织布局于1894年招商承办时，之所以规定“本局允为保利一分五厘，每股（百两）每年凭折到局领息银十五两”，就是为了解除“若绅商入股恐所分额息，欲称官利，多寡无定”的顾虑[27]（p.573）。著名实业人物郑观应也说，“中国自矿股亏败以来，上海倾倒银号多有，丧资百万，至今视为厉阶”，故此“集股之法，首当保定官利”[28]（P.686）。　　促使晚清股票“官利”属性强化的另一个原因还在于，清政府于19世纪末发行的“昭信股票”的“失信”结局产生的广泛社会影响。昭信股票本为清政府为缓减财政危机而发行的一种公债，之所以如此命名，旨在强调其信用的稳固性。用策划本项活动的朝中官员的话说，就是区别于以往国内有关企业发行的“惯于失信”或“获利亦无把握，收效未卜何时”的股票[29]（p.8）。虽然朝廷为此颁布了严格的章程，作了还本付息的规定，但这种债券在发行过程中则严重背离原定章程，使该项公债的发行，最终演化成为官府的苛派抑勒或强令捐输，使民众怨愤激增，最后不得不停止。昭信股票的社会声誉遂大为败坏，由此也进一步影响到民众的投资心态。乃至在民众看来，“集股即劝捐别名”，每逢公司募股，则“率皆借词推诿，纵使谆谆开导，亦属藐若罔闻”（注：《河南官报》第51期，引自杜恂诚：《民族资本主义与旧中国政府（1840-1937）》，上海社会科学院出版社，1991年第38页。）。在这种情况下，集股创业者自然也不得不在付息方面显示其“诚意”。例如陕西铁路总局创办人员在议定西潼铁路招股办法时，就特别强调了严格执行“官利”制度对于挽回昭信股票引发的股票“失信”之社会不良影响的重要意义：“陕西自劝办昭信股票，未能取信于人，以故在上偶有捐输之举，在下即广生疑虑，今办铁路股份，以定期付息为最要之著”；只有如此，方可“坚入股官绅商民之信，期于事成之举，祛疑忌而收利权”[30]。长期受自然经济浸濡的国人，普遍有着“宁可一人养一鸡，不愿数人牵一牛”的习惯心态，这种潜在的“单干”意识本来就难以即时转变。而官方的不良商政，无疑加剧了他们对新式企业投资的恐惧。“是故人之有资本者，宁以之自营小企业，或贷之于人以取息，而不甚乐以之附公司之股。”[31]（p.118）在这种情况下，公司创办者不得不对投资者制定一种利益的保障，即“各省商办实业公司自入股之日起，即行给息，以资激劝，而广招徕，已属不得已之办法”[32]（P.1014）。　　近代中国实业界的“官利”制度虽然是一种普遍的作法，但各个企业的规定又不尽相同。以民办与官商合办企业为例，除了利率的不同外（注：这一时期企业股票官利利率大致在周年四厘至一分五厘之间，一般以年息五厘至八厘的规定较为普遍。），在计息时间方面，有的企业规定以收到先期股银之后即起息，有的规定股款收齐之时起息，较多的企业规定以收到股款之次日计息。多数企业声明官利发放，不计闰月。也有不少规定常年行息，例如云台山树艺公司明定“（股本）连闰八厘计息”[33]（p.19）。民国元年创办的浙江银行则规定：“本银行股本官息按周年六厘计算，即以交股之次日起扣至来年是日止为一周年，前项官息每年分二期发，上半年自七月一日起至八月终日止；下半年自翌年正月一日起至二月终日止。”[34]股票所载官利利率一般是固定不变的，但也有个别企业因应于不同的时期，规定了不同的官利利率。例如汉阳铁厂在实行招商承办时议定的章程规定：“（股东）自入本之日起，第一至第四年按年提息八厘，第五年起提息一分。”官商合办溥利呢革公司章程规定：“本公司所收股本，均于缴到之后一日起息，未出货以前按周年四厘算，既出货以后按周年八厘算。”直隶工艺总局劝办之织染缝纫公司则在章程中写到：“本公司……第一年生意未必能遽获厚利，拟第一年各股份按照常年四厘包息……自第二年起，每年结账，各股东一律按五厘官息照股派分。”河南广益纱厂亦规定：“自（股东）交银之日，先付执照一纸，按三厘起利，俟换给股票息折时，须将执照缴销作废，以后统按周年六厘行息，是为官利。”[35]在官利来源方面，也不尽相同。有的企业在开工前将股本存庄，以庄息发给股东。官商合办的铁路公司和一些同官方关系密切的企业，如京师自来水公司、南洋劝业会等可以靠政府支持获得息款（注：京师自来水公司于1908年时由农商部奏准，“每年筹官拨官款银十五万两，预存银号，以为保息之用，俾昭大信。将业公司销场发达，余利增多，再将官款分期缴还”。1910年创办的官商合办的安徽泾县铜管山铜矿有限公司则以本省矿务总局所收米捐为保息。同年开办的南洋劝业会也规定：“股东应得官利，按周年八厘计算……商股应发官息，由南洋大臣另筹的款，不在股本内拨付，以固会本。”（分见汪敬虞编：《中国近代工业史资料》第二辑，上册，第633页；下册，第781页；章开源等主编：《苏州商会档案丛编（1905-1911）》，第416页。））。民国初年，北京政府颁布了《公司保息条例》，以政府基金为特定行业企业保息。而对大多数企业而言，在未获得利润前，则不得不“移本作息”（注：也有少许企业并未规定“官利”，例如1905年成立的山西同济矿务公司宣布，“本公司所集成本，并无利息，每年结账盈余，先提一分为公积，逐年还本；俟成本还清，即停公积，此后所余净利，提二十五分报效国家，余归公司，除再提红股外，按股分利”（《矿务档》第三册，第1514-1515页）。天津同庆杂货有限公司在1911年颁布的章程声明：“本公司股本并无官利，每年正月结账一次，所有盈余除息项开销外，作为百六十份（分配）”（天津市档案馆编《天津商会档案汇编（1903-1911）》，上册，第947页）。还有的企业明确规定，企业“如无盈余，不得移本付息，致妨营运”（《伊犁将军奏创办皮毛有限公司拟定章程折》，《商务官报》己酉年第28期）。）。企业初创阶段，一般资金紧张，经营困难，“官利必付”作法无疑极大地增加了企业的经营难度。而为支付官利不得不移用股本或高息借贷，对企业来说，更无异于挖肉补疮、饮鸩止渴，严重削弱了企业的自我发展能力。关于这一点，张謇在总结大生纱厂与大生崇明分厂创办初期亏损原因时，已作过明确分析，学术界也多有引录，兹不赘述。To the malpractice of government-owned benefit system, begin to get from late Qing Dynasty the assail of domestic businessman and scholar, liang Qichao and Zhang Jian are the delegate character of this respect. Clear 1904 government promulgates " company keep under control " specific provision enterprise does not have profit, must not move this payment of interest, right correctional habit of this one bad traffic produced trifling effect (note: Limited company of papermaking of machine of chapter of sea otter of exemple as above comes to already was accumulated 1908 deficient 180 thousand beyond, hold partner to meet then, classics " consider repeatedly " , resolution stops hair in those days Guan Li " with law of accord with trade " (Wang Jingyu makes up: " China is latter-day industrial history data " the 2nd collect, below book, the 841st page) . ) . Industrial group is in respect of this one outmoded conventions and customs also is in abolish to try hard ceaselessly. Be in for example announce all 2 years (1910) the 4th times partner meets held Jiangsu railroad on, somebody raises item of expenditure to fall in view of the company, "The Guanli of capital stock resides his half " , if partner is pressed again year take advantage, "Benefit of we should like to ask from why to go out? Solid as good as takes capital stock oneself, the person that Shen outside covets is numerous, the different that think of is be bitterly disappointed " , advocate then " plan to be not raised cease 5 years, make capital stock in order to cease namely, it is solid this plan, it is augment plan " . Unexpectedly his offer, "Have opponent namely group case censure " . Decide by ballot finally, result " but person 1638 authority, the person that deny 671 authority, decide then with work and rest " [36] . Zhang Jian divides a factory for many times to discuss benefit stopping an official in old unripe cotton mill and big unripe Chong Ming, ever came to an agreement with partner for a time, guan Li is given pay two years behindhand, the Guan Li that Dan Chi sends needs anniversary to add breath 6 li, as compensation. The person such as Zhang Jian is at the beginning of the Republic of China year initiate establish when Chinese model forge, although was partner to set agelong of 8 li ceasing, but state when raise capital by floating shares again, "Alone should from when to raise case, beard by shareholder meeting definitely. Raise capital by floating shares of company of all along every, get a news since silver-colored this day oneself surely, this kind of method is contrary to very commercial theory of law. When husband company has not do business, capital most is used at choosing house, buy machine, more than put a place of business, close interest is limited, he Congfu benefit of official of this 8 li; If move to cease in order to send originally, it is to cheat stockholder also, bright get Guan Li, capital stock of dark bad news, wait till require use this when, must beg with great profit borrow at old-style Chinese private bank, the reason of this most company failure also. Our company name says model, hope partner has very with correctional the abuse of his company, one in order to consolidate the company is a purpose basically, and not mark grows in group officer also " [37] . Business affairs imprints the way that book house ever tried to spend dividend accumulation fund all right at the beginning of 20 time, its want justice pass resolution by shareholder plenary meeting namely, exceed one time-sharing when year dividend, should accumulation fund of extenuatory drawing dividend, this accumulation fund all the year round 8 li plan breath, except accumulate a huge sum of money, at augment share of the instead when the forehead, or encounter dividend to be not worth one year, drink carry this funds, think outside fill, blame classics partner is met resolution, must not carry without exception with. When 1925, partner met this company be made to the regulation of dividend accumulation fund again revise, namely dividend accumulation fund often takes capital stock amount the amount of 1/4, "Have dividend is not worth one time-sharing only, of fill dividend with " ; Dividend accumulation fund reachs capital stock total 1/4 hind, its spill over, when allocate all right namely, later every allocate 3 years completely, or allocate cash, or change stock, refer shareholder meeting by the board of directors definitely (note: Tong Shiheng: " enterprise memoir " , brilliance imprints book house edition, go up book, 117-118 page, today edition of photocopy of income Shanghai bookshop " a series of books of the Republic of China " , row the 3rd make up the 74th. ) . Company of match of big China of Liu grand unripe pilot passed the resolution that adds common stock to 3 million yuan at the 2nd times partner was met 1931, but up to enrolled 11559 only on December 27, 1932, be apart from anticipate still be short of 401520 yuan. Company board of directors realises " with respect to our company business posture observes, court is full this it is very important that frontal fact is belonged to. With respect to observation of general socioeconomy case, add collect this share, it is much more difficult to need in fact " ; On the other hand, our company 1932 year should not enrol full capital stock specified amount hair official, bonus and this to differ very few, and with respect to the company management state is talked, "Do not have the likelihood that sends ready money originally to this official of a huge sum, bonus " . Reason this, hold shareholder plenary meeting the 4th times, offer to will answer the common stock that sends take out of official, bonus to did not enrol full specified amount. Result, partner " numerous consentient " , passed this one draft resolution [38] (P.155) . Although these measure overshoot to individual business crisis produced effect, but can not change be used to of Chinese industrial group to go " Guan Li " system. The company pays Guan Li's phenomenon to partner, to the Republic of China although period decreases with each passing day, but did not disappear eventually. Control in what stock bond changes consciousness below, investor from at the beginning with respect to desalt serve as partner to oneself due the proper requirement of rights and interests. In latter-day company system, partner serves as the contributive person of the company, basically be to pass equity mechanism implementation to manage run superintendency to the company. Of partner due the right includes voting trustee and censorial person roughly, the request consults company items of an account, with respect to the company business state offers ask for an explanation to director staff, the request allocates deserved interest, participate in decision company business policy to wait, these rights are have the aid of is in what the resolution that share builds on foundation of equality of even, equity and voting mechanism come true. Equity is the due after investor is based on contributive behavior and gaining partner competence legitimate rights and interests, equity mechanism is the requirement that latter-day company has health of in-house tie, implementation is run. But in the stock " Guan Li pays surely " below system impact, after the people invests an enterprise, search about the company cut matters concerned much pretermission, curb and do not wish bother about, they " what what care is how to receive dividend only, do not be interested to the management of the enterprise, consider dividend to heal greatly more only advantageous, the management state of enterprise of care naught for how " [32] (P.1012) . For example Suzhou revive classics, Su Guan partner of two textile mills " except year receive dividend outside 7 li, at two factories business profit and loss from beginning to end have not bother about " . Later, two factories plan to enrol part shareholder plenary meeting, consultative management general plan, but most partner expresses " I wish year receive dividend, do not wish with in all profit and loss " [39] (P.267) . The partner that is like old unripe cotton mill again " the person that do not know a factory to make He Zhuang in where from beginning to end... almost 10 house 89 " [40] (P.87) . Such, company shareholder became the creditor that covert, the stock in their hand nots less than a piece of leasehold written pledge. Because indulge in Guan Li, do not weigh equity, make the droit of the enterprise and right of administration are out of line badly, joint-stock company influence is made judge, democracy runs a mechanism decision-makingly to cannot get reflect, the be a law onto oneself that is management staff thereby and jobbery offerred a condition. Liang Qichao ever had had self-criticism to this: "The partner of our country each company... but beg Guan Lizhi to not have be short of just " , and manage work at the company and pretermission, criterion " (company) because the employee uses this psychology, or Gao Jiguan benefit with inviting, its unexpectedly by a person that allocate is cut inside capital, assorted and 89... with its Guan Li is having at the beginning of partner also, review and install, do not know to be not counted year and capital is used up " [31] (P.117) . "Guan Li pays surely " it is the outstanding performance that bond of late quiet stock turns, this kind abounds the undesirable action that the commercial be used to of ethical characteristic reviews to Chinese company the system builds generation is self-evident. The foreign businessman at that time points out no less than: "This kind of system is not changed one day, company business of China cannot have stable development " [32] (P.1012) . Today, when us this plants assail when commerce is abusive, should understand morely at that time the people's state of mind. The traditional socioeconomy background that usurious capital takes dominant place and people form below this society condition " work alone " the investment state of mind of type, it is prime cause admittedly, but stock market agitation, and the government is bad the blow that business politics invests state of mind to the people, fearing also is among them main factor. Also explain from this, governmental action and stock market build an aspect in company system, the undesirable action that invests psychological place generation to the people is far those who compare benign action is far-reaching. Also should see at the same time, when devoting oneself to company system to build, the investment concept of opposite to the people lag must cause enough attention. 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